Rewiring the State — Eoin Mulgrew, 10 Downing Street

The opening grumble: government is broken, and everyone knows it

Eoin Mulgrew opens with a half-joking, half-pained reality check: the UK has 7.25 million people on NHS waiting lists, roughly 350,000 court cases stuck in backlog, and only 1 in 5 planning applications decided on time. He frames government as an "industry" of 400,000 people suffering a deep productivity crisis, with a Tony Blair Institute estimate putting the annual AI upside at £40 billion.

Why government struggles to attract the people it needs

He doesn’t sugarcoat the civil service problems: pay is weak, hierarchy is heavy, bureaucracy is real, and accountability to Parliament means things move slowly for understandable reasons. The result, he says, is an environment that often repels the exact sort of technical people government most needs — ambitious builders who want to leave a mark quickly.

The "insurgency model" inside Number 10

Mulgrew’s answer is to "take the shackles off" and build a small insurgent unit at the center of power with political cover, more autonomy, and permission to recruit differently. Their selection process is intentionally harsh — just a 0.7-0.8% success rate — and they recruit only outsiders, betting that importing talent from labs, big tech, research, YC, and startups can change the system from within.

Missionaries, not mercenaries

He stresses that this isn’t just about paying more, even if market-rate pay helps make the jump into government viable. What they want are "missionaries, not mercenaries" — people who’ve already done well elsewhere but are motivated by the chance to work on decisions crossing ministers’ desks and affecting millions of lives.

Quick wins: simulations, legal tooling, and delivery dashboards

Mulgrew then gets into the fun part: AI tools shipped in days or weeks. He describes policy simulation tools for testing decisions like Universal Credit changes, a legal analysis tool that replaced a planned £1.5 million spend on outside lawyers to review the UK statute book, and a delivery "red teaming" tool that acts like a PMO in officials’ pockets, flagging things like optimism bias and weak risk mitigation.

Shipping public services at startup speed

One of his loudest claims is that a new public service, conceived just two months earlier, is about to launch for millions of people — something he says would normally sit in government discovery for a year or more. He also points to new public-facing dashboards, including one for Matt Clifford’s AI Opportunities Action Plan, as evidence that internal AI capability can improve transparency as well as efficiency.

From Number 10 to the wider state

The fellowship’s influence now extends beyond Downing Street. Mulgrew highlights the AI Safety Institute, where fellow Harry Coppock helped lead work on Inspect; the Incubator for AI, which he describes as effectively spun out of the program; and Extract, a DeepMind collaboration built on Gemini to digitize handwritten planning documents and maps for rollout across England.

The prison story that lands the point

He closes with Just AI in the Ministry of Justice, founded by former fellow Dan James, where engineers embed with parole officers and prison staff to tackle things like drugs entering prisons and manual operational bottlenecks. The image he leaves the room with is perfect: Will, a Harvard dropout and YC founder who was "in California getting a tan" a few months earlier, now standing outside HMP Wandsworth in the rain with the prison keys in his second week — "come join us, and we’ll give you the keys to the state."